Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) dapat bertahan dalam keadaan aerosol selama 3 jam. Setelah terjadi peluruhan aerosol, virus yang menempel di media plastik dan stainless steel dapat bertahan selama 72 jam, sedangkan pada kardus bertahan selama 4 jam.
Doremalem,2020
Aerosol merupakan partikel bahan yang melayang di udara, contohnya adalah minyak wangi yang disemprotkan. Aerosol dapat berupa partikel padat maupun cair ataupun campuran keduanya. Airbone aerosol disease merupakan wabah penyakit yang menyebar melalui udara.
Penelitian tersebut dilakukan dengan cara “menciptakan” keadaan aerosol memakai alat humidifier (three-jet Collison nebulizer). Membandingkan virus SARS CoV-1 (SARS) dengan SARS CoV-2 (Coronavirus) pada keadaan aerosol dan saat virus berada pada media plastik, stainless, kardus dan tembaga. Secara umum tidak ada perbedaan jauh antara SARS CoV-1 dan SARS COV-2 dalam hal lama hidup di media media tersebut.
Stabilitas SARS CoV-2 mirip dengan SARS Cov-1 dan dapat bertahan di lingkungan selama berjam-jam. Transmisi dan penyebaran virus yang sangat tinggi mungkin dapat disebabkan seseorang tidak sengaja bersin dan menyebarkan virus dalam bentuk aerosol kemudian menempel di benda-benda sekitar. Sebagian besar rumah sakit akan menjadi tempat penularan nosokomial disebabkan adanya virus dari pasien yang menempel di media media di lingkungan RS(Chen,2004).
Kondisi angin dan kelembaban udara juga akan sangat berpengaruh pada penyebaran SARS CoV, virus yang masih menjadi aerosol atau bahkan yang menempel di benda- benda tertentu akan dapat tertiup angin dan menyebar ke tempat lain yang lebih jauh. Jarak minimum sosial distancing 1 meter mungkin tidak akan efektif karena dengan adanya kondisi angin dan kelembapan udara virus dapat menyebar sejauh 8 meter, oleh karena itu penggunaan masker dan alat pelindung lain sangat di anjurkan pada tempat- tempat umum (Yu Feng,2020)
Pernafasan normal manusia hanya dapat menghirup partikel yang lebih kecil dari 100 mikrometer, meskipun begitu tetap harus dipertimbangkan pergerakan udara yang dapat mempengaruhi keadaan partikel (Guzman, 2020). Berikut tabel ukuran partikel ekspirasi saat manusia berbicara;
| berteriak | ± 1 mikrometer |
| batuk | 0,6- 16 mikrometer |
| bersin | 7-125 mikrometer |
| berbicara | 16- 125 mikrometer |
| bernafas biasa | 0,8- 2,0 mikrometer |
Penularan melalui aerosol menjadi kunci tingginya penyebaran Coronavirus (Covid-19). Terlebih lagi bila carrier virus merupakan orang tanpa gejala (OTG) , maka penyebaran akan sulit terdeteksi (Kimberley,2020). Maka perlu ketegasan protokol pencegahan seperti penggunaan masker, social distancing, dan hand higiene.
Referensi
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