Berdasarkan penemuan peneliti, terdapat tujuh tipe Coronavirus yang dapat menginfeksi manusia saat ini yaitu dua alphacoronavirus (229E dan NL63) dan empat betacoronavirus, yakni OC43, HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (MERS-CoV), dan severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Yang ketujuh adalah Coronavirus tipe baru yang menjadi penyebab kejadian luar biasa di Wuhan, yakni Novel Coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV). Isolat 229E dan OC43 ditemukan sekitar 50 tahun yang lalu. NL63 dan HKU1 diidentifikasi mengikuti kejadian luar biasa SARS. NL63 dikaitkan dengan penyakit akut laringotrakeitis (PDPI,2020)
Tahun 1965 ilmuan telah berhasil mengidentifikasi Human Coronavirus (HcoV) B814. Virus diambil dari seorang pasien dengan keluhan demam. Sejak saat itu lebih dari 30 strain ( varian genom ) berhasil ditemukan. Dengan HCoV 229E dan OC43 menjadi varian virus yang menjadi fokus penelitian sampai saat ini. Nomer B814 adalah nomer jumlah percobaan swab yang telah dilakukan.
| Tahun | Penyakit | Nama virus | Tempat awal |
| 1965 | common cold | 1965 B814 (OC43 dan 229E) Wiltshire, England | Wiltshire, England |
| 2002-2003 | SARS | SARS-Cov | China |
| 2004 | NL HCov 63 (Netherland 63) | Amsterdam, Belanda | |
| 2005 | HCov HKU 1 (Hong Kong University 1) | ||
| 2011 | MERS | MERSCov | Arab Saudi |
| 2019 | Covid-19 | 2019 n-Cov atau SARS Cov-2 | Wuhan,China |
Berdasarkan sejarah tersebut virus corona sebenarnya telah ditemukan sejak tahun 1965, yang berarti virus ini telah ada jauh sebelum masa tersebut. Seiring bergantinya waktu, virus corona mengalami mutasi yang berbeda-beda di tiap benua. Virus ini beradaptasi dengan kehidupan ditempat nya berada. Namun sampai saat ini, dimana dan bagaimana virus mengalami perkembangan mutasi menjadi virus berbahaya belum ada jawaban yang memuaskan.
Ketika virus corona 2019 ini menjangkiti lebih dari 24juta jiwa seluruh dunia. Ilmuan dibuat bingung dengan teori penyebarannya, WHO diawal pandemi meyakini penyebaran hanya melalui droplet namun teiri ini telah direvisi seiring banyaknya penelitian menyebutkan bahwa telah ada penyebaran melalui aerosol.
Bahwa virus corona di Amerika berbeda dengan virus yang ada di china, virus di indonesia yang berbeda dengan virus di Eropa, Afrika, dan timur tengah. Memperlihatkan tingkat evolusi dari virus corona yang beradaptasi ditiap tempat ditiap inang yang di berbeda. Teori penyebaran virus dari kota Wuhan ke seluruh dunia sebenarnya dapat memberikan gambaran kepada masyarakat bahwa ada salah satu dari jenis virus corona ini yang memiliki kemampuan penyebaran yang tinggi dan kemampuan bermutasi dengan begitu cepat.
Peneliti di Eijkman telah merilis 3 jenis virus yang ada di Indonesia, dan semuanya berasal dari China. Yang belum kita ketahui adalah kapan virus dari China tersebut masuk ke Indonesia, apakah setelah ditemukan Covid-19 di Wuhan atau jauh sebelum nya telah masuk Indonesia? Dan dari manakah virus yang ada di China itu berasal?
Melihat sejarah panjang sejak diidentifikasi di Inggris tahun 1965 dimana virus tersebut bertanggungjawab terhadap penyakit common cold dan penyakit pernafasan. Dengan tingkat penyebaran dan kematian yang rendah terus menyebar keseluruh dunia. Berakhir di Wuhan China virus ini menjadi berbahaya dengan tingkat penyebaran yang tinggi dan kematian yang meningkat. Mungkin dunia telah terlambat 50 tahun menangani virus corona.
Referensi
6609083
{6609083:N3X75W9U},{6609083:USKASC8B},{6609083:UV8QUJ85},{6609083:634PK9XM},{6609083:A6P6WNRW}
1
apa
50
default
3160
https://deiari.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22A6P6WNRW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6609083%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Indonesia%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BIndonesia%2C%20C.%20N.%20N.%20%28n.d.%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEijkman%20Ungkap%20Perjalanan%20Virus%20Corona%20dari%20China%20ke%20RI%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20teknologi.%20Retrieved%20August%2029%2C%202020%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cnnindonesia.com%5C%2Fteknologi%5C%2F20200506125951-199-500658%5C%2Feijkman-ungkap-perjalanan-virus-corona-dari-china-ke-ri%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cnnindonesia.com%5C%2Fteknologi%5C%2F20200506125951-199-500658%5C%2Feijkman-ungkap-perjalanan-virus-corona-dari-china-ke-ri%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Eijkman%20Ungkap%20Perjalanan%20Virus%20Corona%20dari%20China%20ke%20RI%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20N.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Indonesia%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Peneliti%20Eijkman%20menyatakan%20virus%20corona%20SARS-CoV-2%20yang%20menginfeksi%20masyarakat%20Indonesia%20berasal%20dari%20China.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cnnindonesia.com%5C%2Fteknologi%5C%2F20200506125951-199-500658%5C%2Feijkman-ungkap-perjalanan-virus-corona-dari-china-ke-ri%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22id-ID%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-08-29T20%3A49%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22634PK9XM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6609083%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kahn%20and%20McIntosh%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKahn%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20McIntosh%2C%20K.%20%282005%29.%20History%20and%20Recent%20Advances%20in%20Coronavirus%20Discovery.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Pediatric%20Infectious%20Disease%20Journal%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B24%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2811%29%2C%20S223.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1097%5C%2F01.inf.0000188166.17324.60%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1097%5C%2F01.inf.0000188166.17324.60%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22History%20and%20Recent%20Advances%20in%20Coronavirus%20Discovery%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kahn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenneth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McIntosh%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Human%20coronaviruses%2C%20first%20characterized%20in%20the%201960s%2C%20are%20responsible%20for%20a%20substantial%20proportion%20of%20upper%20respiratory%20tract%20infections%20in%20children.%20Since%202003%2C%20at%20least%205%20new%20human%20coronaviruses%20have%20been%20identified%2C%20including%20the%20severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%2C%20which%20caused%20significant%20morbidity%20and%20mortality.%20NL63%2C%20representing%20a%20group%20of%20newly%20identified%20group%20I%20coronaviruses%20that%20includes%20NL%20and%20the%20New%20Haven%20coronavirus%2C%20has%20been%20identified%20worldwide.%20These%20viruses%20are%20associated%20with%20both%20upper%20and%20lower%20respiratory%20tract%20disease%20and%20are%20likely%20common%20human%20pathogens.%20The%20global%20distribution%20of%20a%20newly%20identified%20group%20II%20coronavirus%2C%20HKU1%2C%20has%20not%20yet%20been%20established.%20Coronavirology%20has%20advanced%20significantly%20in%20the%20past%20few%20years.%20The%20SARS%20epidemic%20put%20the%20animal%20coronaviruses%20in%20the%20spotlight.%20The%20background%20and%20history%20relative%20to%20this%20important%20and%20expanding%20research%20area%20are%20reviewed%20here.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22November%202005%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1097%5C%2F01.inf.0000188166.17324.60%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.lww.com%5C%2Fpidj%5C%2Ffulltext%5C%2F2005%5C%2F11001%5C%2Fhistory_and_recent_advances_in_coronavirus.12.aspx%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220891-3668%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-08-29T20%3A48%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UV8QUJ85%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6609083%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Myint%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMyint%2C%20S.%20H.%20%281995%29.%20Human%20Coronavirus%20Infections.%20In%20S.%20G.%20Siddell%20%28Ed.%29%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Coronaviridae%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28pp.%20389%26%23x2013%3B401%29.%20Springer%20US.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-1-4899-1531-3_18%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-1-4899-1531-3_18%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Human%20Coronavirus%20Infections%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Myint%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stuart%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siddell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20first%20report%20of%20a%20human%20coronavirus%20was%20in%201965%20when%20Tyrrell%20and%20Bynoe%20%281965%29%20isolated%20a%20virus%20from%20the%20nasal%20washings%20of%20a%20male%20child.%20The%20child%20had%20typical%20symptoms%20and%20signs%20of%20a%20common%20cold%20and%20the%20washing%20was%20found%20to%20be%20able%20to%20induce%20common%20colds%20in%20volunteers%20challenged%20intranasally.%20The%20virus%2C%20termed%20B814%20%28after%20the%20number%20of%20the%20nasal%20washing%29%2C%20could%20be%20cultivated%20in%20human%20embryo%20tracheal%20organ%20tissue%20but%20not%20in%20cell%20lines%20used%20at%20that%20time%20for%20growing%20other%20known%20etiologic%20agents%20of%20the%20common%20cold.%20At%20the%20same%20time%2C%20Hamre%20and%20Procknow%20%281966%29%20were%20characterizing%20five%20%5Cu201cnew%5Cu201d%20agents%20isolated%20from%20the%20respiratory%20tract%20of%20medical%20students%20with%20colds.%20One%20of%20these%20agents%2C%20strain%20229E%2C%20was%20adapted%20to%20grow%20in%20WI-38%20cells.%20Subsequently%2C%20Almeida%20and%20Tyrrell%20%281967%29%20showed%20that%20these%20isolates%20were%20morphologically%20identical%20to%20the%20viruses%20of%20avian%20bronchitis%20and%20mouse%20hepatitis.%20Mcintosh%20and%20colleagues%20%281967a%29%2C%20working%20at%20the%20National%20Institutes%20of%20Health%20in%20Bethesda%2C%20then%20isolated%20six%20morphologically%20related%20viruses%20that%20could%20not%20be%20adapted%20to%20cell%20monolayer%20culture%20but%20would%20grow%20in%20organ%20cultures.%20Two%20of%20these%20isolates%2C%20OC%20%28for%20organ%20culture%29%2038%20and%2043%20were%20then%20adapted%20to%20grow%20in%20suckling%20mice%20brain.%20The%20term%20%5Cu201cCoronavirus%2C%5Cu201d%20which%20described%20the%20characteristic%20morphology%20of%20these%20agents%2C%20was%20accepted%20in%201968%20%28Tyrrell%20et%20al.%2C%201968a%29.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22The%20Coronaviridae%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22originalDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPublisher%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22format%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-1-4899-1531-3%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2F978-1-4899-1531-3_18%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-1-4899-1531-3_18%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-08-29T20%3A45%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22USKASC8B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6609083%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kapikian%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221975%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKapikian%2C%20A.%20Z.%20%281975%29.%20The%20coronaviruses.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BDevelopments%20in%20Biological%20Standardization%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B28%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%2042%26%23x2013%3B64.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20coronaviruses%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kapikian%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Coronaviruses%20of%20human%20origin%20have%20emerged%20as%20probable%20important%20etiologic%20agents%20of%20acute%20upper%20respiratory%20tract%20illnesses%20in%20adults%3B%20their%20role%20in%20the%20etiology%20of%20respiratory%20illnesses%20of%20childhood%20is%20less%20certain.%20The%20first%20coronavirus%20of%20human%20origin%2C%20B814%2C%20was%20described%20in%201965%20and%20since%20that%20time%20only%2031%20additional%20strains%20have%20been%20recovered.%20Ten%20of%20these%20were%20originally%20recovered%20in%20human%20embryonic%20tracheal%20organ%20culturesonly%2C%20and%20the%20remainder%20in%20monolayer%20cell%20cultures.%20All%20of%20the%20latter%20group%20were%20antigenically%20related%20to%20a%20prototype%20strain%20designated%20229e.%20As%20a%20result%20of%20the%20fastidious%20growth%20requirements%20of%20these%20agents%2C%20most%20of%20the%20knowledge%20concerning%20the%20clinical%20syndromes%20associated%20with%20them%20has%20come%20from%20chajlenge%20studies%20in%20volunteers%20and%20seroepidemiologic%20investigations.%20Coronaviruses%20have%20been%20shown%20to%20be%20associated%20with%20a%20substantial%20number%20of%20adult%20respiratory%20illnesses%20especially%20during%20certain%20periods%20when%20rhinovirus%20infections%20are%20infrequent.%20Progress%20in%20propagating%20coronaviruses%20and%20in%20detecting%20coronavirus%20infections%20has%20been%20achieved%20recently%3A%20viruses%20similar%20to%20229E%20were%20successfully%20recovered%20in%20human%20embryonic%20intestine%20cell%20cultures%20from%20patients%20with%20upper%20respiratory%20tract%20illnesses%3B%2030C%20strains%20%28B814%2C%20LP%20and%20EVS%29%20were%20recovered%20in%20L132%20cell%20cultures%20from%20infectious%20nasal%20washings%3B%20OC43%28and%20OC38%29%20viruses%20which%20were%20originally%20recovered%20in%20OC%20and%20later%20adapted%20to%20grow%20in%20suckling%20mice%20were%20not%20only%20shown%20to%20directly%20hemagglutinate%20various%20erythrocytes%20but%20were%20also%20adapted%20to%20grow%20in%20MK%20cell%20cultures%3B%20OC43%20virus%20was%20also%20found%20to%20induce%20hemadsorption%20of%20rat%20and%20mouse%20erythrocytes%20in%20certain%20cell%20cultures%3B%20and%20a%20coronavirus%20strain%20was%20detected%20by%20immune%20electron%20microscopy.%20Coronaviruses%20are%20also%20associated%20with%20certain%20diseases%20in%20animals.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221975%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%221092577%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220301-5149%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-08-29T20%3A44%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22N3X75W9U%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6609083%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Liu%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLiu%2C%20D.%20X.%2C%20Liang%2C%20J.%20Q.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Fung%2C%20T.%20S.%20%282020%29.%20Human%20Coronavirus-229E%2C%20-OC43%2C%20-NL63%2C%20and%20-HKU1.%20In%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BReference%20Module%20in%20Life%20Sciences%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28p.%20B978012809633821501X%29.%20Elsevier.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FB978-0-12-809633-8.21501-X%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FB978-0-12-809633-8.21501-X%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Human%20Coronavirus-229E%2C%20-OC43%2C%20-NL63%2C%20and%20-HKU1%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ding%20X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jia%20Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22To%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fung%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Reference%20Module%20in%20Life%20Sciences%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22originalDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPublisher%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22format%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-12-809633-8%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FB978-0-12-809633-8.21501-X%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FB978012809633821501X%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-08-29T20%3A39%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Indonesia, C. N. N. (n.d.). Eijkman Ungkap Perjalanan Virus Corona dari China ke RI. teknologi. Retrieved August 29, 2020, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20200506125951-199-500658/eijkman-ungkap-perjalanan-virus-corona-dari-china-ke-ri
Kahn, J. S., & McIntosh, K. (2005). History and Recent Advances in Coronavirus Discovery. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 24(11), S223. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60
Myint, S. H. (1995). Human Coronavirus Infections. In S. G. Siddell (Ed.), The Coronaviridae (pp. 389–401). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1531-3_18
Kapikian, A. Z. (1975). The coronaviruses. Developments in Biological Standardization, 28, 42–64.
Liu, D. X., Liang, J. Q., & Fung, T. S. (2020). Human Coronavirus-229E, -OC43, -NL63, and -HKU1. In Reference Module in Life Sciences (p. B978012809633821501X). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.21501-X
0 Comments